Можно заметить значительный рост распространения инфекционных заболеваний. Из них второе место в группе бактериальных заболеваний занимают острые кишечные инфекции, которые передаются фекально-оральным путём. К таким кишечным инфекциям, активно набирающим свои обороты, относится сальмонеллез. Это заболевание также называют «болезнью цивилизации». Ведь оно настолько широко распространилось, что речь идёт не о ликвидации инфекции, а только о снижении уровня заболеваемости. Главный источник инфекции — птицы и сельскохозяйственные животные. Основными путями передачи являются вода и пищевые продукты. Некипяченая вода из различных источников часто является фактором передачи инфекции. Также возможно прямое заражение людей непосредственно от больных птиц и животных или от тесного контакта с носителем. Распространение сальмонеллёза — это актуальная проблема. Ей свойственны такие особенности, как высокая заболеваемость, частые внутрибольничные вспышки, устойчивость сальмонелл к антибиотикам, тяжесть течения локализованных форм. Рост заболеваемости может быть обусловлен целым рядом причин: интенсификацией животноводства, масштабом и характером реализации продуктов, расширением экспортных и импортных связей между странами, а также чрезвычайной выраженностью миграционных процессов. В статье представлены данные об эпидемиологической ситуации заболеваемостью сальмонеллезом в мире и по Казахстану, разъяснены способы передачи инфекционного заболевания, даны рекомендации по профилактике.

https://doi.org/10.48081/NCTR4613

2024

Выпуск 3

The article presents the results of research on optimization of the composition of nutrient medium for effective replication of garden strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) microplants. Garden strawberry is a highly demanded berry crop due to its high flavor and rich vitamin composition. Biological features of this crop create limiting factors for accelerated multiplication of high-yielding varieties and their introduction into production. The method of clonal micropropagation allows overcoming many problems of vegetatively propagated crops, including those related to stunting and disease incidence. In this study, the effect of agar-agar as a part of nutrient medium MS and dosage of BAP preparation on the dynamics of development of strawberry plants under in vitro conditions was investigated. The results of the study showed that for induction of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) morphogenesis under in vitro conditions, the use of liquid nutrient medium MS with the addition of BAP preparation at a dosage of 0.5 mg/L

https://doi.org/10.48081/PHLQ1205

2024

Выпуск 3

This study delves into the use of yttrium-modified catalysts in hydrotreatment processes, focusing on how they enhance sulfur removal efficiency and improve catalyst stability. By introducing yttrium into various catalyst systems, such as palladium-platinum (Pd-Pt) supported on Y-modified USY zeolite and Y-doped Ni₂P phosphides, researchers observed significant advancements in catalytic performance. These included better removal of hard-to-treat sulfur compounds like 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT), improved dispersion of active metals, and fewer strong acidic sites, which collectively reduced coke formation. The study emphasizes yttrium's unique ability to tackle persistent challenges in hydroprocessing, including the removal of refractory sulfur compounds that conventional catalysts struggle to address. Additionally, yttrium enhanced the structural and operational stability of the catalysts, minimizing coke buildup and maintaining efficiency during extended use. Combining experimental findings with theoretical insights, the research positions yttrium as a pivotal modifier for developing next-generation catalysts capable of achieving ultra-deep desulfurization. These catalysts not only meet stringent environmental standards but also demonstrate excellent durability, making them ideal for industrial applications, particularly in diesel fuel hydrotreatment. Future work will focus on refining yttrium incorporation methods and scaling these advancements for widespread industrial adoption.

https://doi.org/10.48081/MLFN7758

2024

Выпуск 3

Статья направлена для разработок рекомендаций по использованию естественных природных кормовых угодий, с целью их рационального использования в виду их повсеместной деградации под действием антропогенных факторов. Проблема ухудшения состояния растительного покрова кормовых угодий остро стоит перед сельхозтоваропроизводителями. От качества трав зависит не только растениеводческая отрасль, но и животноводческая. Понимание данной проблемы на корню поможет изменить тенденцию по бесконтрольному использованию и как следствие дефициту сочных кормов с пастбищ. Статья была выполнена на основании геоботанических полевых обследований Павлодарской области. Геоботанические обследования позволяют выявить закономерности изменения травостоя и определить все виды не только кормовых, но и лекарственных и ядовитых растений в агрофитоценозе. В статье представлены методы современных обследований больших территорий с использованием ГИС-технологий, а также метод определения урожайности по воздушно-сухому весу растительности, который выявляет степень продуктивности пастбищ. Обследование помогает наглядно установить причину изменения и уменьшения продуктивности растительности, а также на основании характеристик доминирующих растений, обосновать необходимые мероприятия по улучшению состояния пастбищ для выпаса сельскохозяйственных животных.

https://doi.org/10.48081/NSJU7362

2024

Выпуск 3

The article presents the results of our own research on the synthesis of pyridine-containing coordination polymers based on zinc and copper. At the moment, metal-organic coordination polymers are considered one of the most interesting and rapidly developing areas of organic chemistry. This determines their use in petrochemistry, pharmaceuticals, construction and much more. The introduction presents a literature review on the methods of synthesis of metal-organic coordination polymers, their structure and the main pyridine ligands used. The structure of a known polymer based on pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid and europium is presented. The materials and methods describe the reagents used and the synthesis techniques. The discussion results present data on the obtained metal-organic polymers based on pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, and provide photographs of the polymer crystals obtained using a light microscope. The absorption spectra of the synthesized polymers were recorded in comparison with pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid. It was shown that the absorption spectra of the initial acid and the obtained polymers exhibit a hypochromic effect of the carboxyl group signal, indicating the formation of a polymer. The polymer obtained on the basis of copper has a more ordered structure, gives a higher yield of the product and better strength properties in contrast to the zinc polymer.

https://doi.org/10.48081/PKZP1259

2024

Выпуск 3

В данной статье рассматривается влияние сезонных сточных вод реки Иртыш и проанализированы основные показатели загрязняющих веществ, также рассмотрена принципиальная технологическая схема очистных сооружений г. Павлодар. Сброс сточных вод с очистных сооружений сточных вод оказывает серьезное пагубное воздействие на здоровье водных экосистем. Рассмотрен ежеквартальный контроль за качеством вод реки Иртыш по основным створам контроля: вход в область (в районе села Подпуск и села Акку), на протяжении области, выше и ниже сброса городских очистных сооружений, выход из области (с. Прииртышское). Также важно заметить, в статье проанализированы в каких сезонных периодах связанное с увеличением нагрузки деятельности промышленных и хозяйственно – бытовых предприятий (АЗС, химчистки, бани и сауны и т.д.). Это в свою очередь приводит к увеличению концентраций тяжелых химических металлов: цинка (Zn), железа (Fe), а также нефтепродуктов. Также промышленные сточные воды заражают водоемы токсичными химическими веществами. В результате загрязнения вода претерпевает следующие изменения, такие как: - изменение органолептических характеристик воды (цвет, вкус, запах); - замедление или полностью прекращение процессов самоочищения водоемов; - нарушение природного баланса: растворенный в воде кислород поглощается быстрее, на дно оседают отложения, уменьшается количество планктона, рыба вымирает, что в весенний, летний и осенний периоды наблюдается превышение химических веществ по сравнению с ПДК, увеличением нагрузки деятельности промышленных и хозяйственно – бытовых предприятий.

https://doi.org/10.48081/ZHFD9744

2024

Выпуск 2

Мақала пластикалық қалдықтардың қоршаған ортаға теріс әсері проблемасына арналған. XXI ғасыр − жаһандық экологиялық проблемалардың ғасыры. Олардың бірі - қоршаған ортаны әртүрлі пластикалармен ластау, барлық тұрмыстық қалдықтар көлемінің 40% -ын құрайды. Әрине, бұл оңай, ыңғайлы, арзан, бірақ экологиялық тұрғыдан емес, өйткені мұндай қаптамалық қоқыстың көп бөлігі тұтастай ыдыраймайды немесе ыдырау мерзімі ұзақ [8, 9]. Бүкіл әлемде қоршаған табиғи ортаның антропогендік ластану көзі ретінде пластикалық қалдықтар проблемасы аса өзекті болып отыр. Біздің елімізде мұндай қалдықтарды өнеркәсіптік ауқымда өңдеумен айналыспайды. Әдетте, тіршілік әрекетінің қалдықтары ондаған жылдар бойы қоршаған ортаны улайтын полигондар мен қоқыс тастайтын жерлерге тасылады. Бұл елді мекендерді қоршаған рұқсат етілмеген үйінділерді есептемегенде. Осы проблеманы жүйелі талдау әдісін қолдану мүдделі тараптарды анықтауға мүмкіндік береді, «қара жәшік» модельдері, жүйенің құрылымы, IDEF0-модельдері құрылды. Себеп-салдарлық байланыстарды зерттеу «проблемалар ағашын» және «мақсаттар ағашын» құру жолымен жүргізілді. Теориялық құрылымдар пластикалық заттарды өндіру мен тұтынуда пластикалық қалдықтардың санын азайтуға мүмкіндік береді.

https://doi.org/10.48081/FGCZ9495

2024

Выпуск 2

Effective plant virus management is paramount for ensuring sustainable crop production and global food security. This review article delves into integrated strategies to mitigate the impact of plant viruses on crops, underscoring the necessity of a multifaceted and comprehensive approach to virus control. The primary objective of this research is to synthesize current knowledge on plant virus management, emphasizing the synergistic application of biological, chemical, and cultural practices. The core focus of the study involves evaluating the efficacy of these strategies both individually and in combination to formulate a robust and holistic management plan. The study underscores the scientific importance of integrating diverse methodologies, which not only mitigate virus incidence but also bolster overall crop resilience, yield, and long-term sustainability. The methodology entails a critical and exhaustive analysis of existing literature, appraising the outcomes of various virus management strategies across different crops, regions, and environmental contexts. Key findings reveal that integrated management approaches, such as deploying resistant cultivars alongside crop rotation and precision-targeted pesticide application, markedly diminish virus transmission, severity, and associated impacts. The research concludes that a holistic strategy for plant virus management is indispensable for securing long-term crop health, stability, and productivity. This work significantly contributes to the field by providing a comprehensive synthesis of effective management practices, establishing a solid framework for future research and practical application. The practical implications lie in the potential to implement these integrated strategies across diverse agricultural systems, ultimately fostering more sustainable crop production, enhanced food security, and reduced economic losses due to plant viruses.

https://doi.org/10.48081/BZTR3857

2024

Выпуск 2

As we know, all living things have direct or indirect relationships with each other. Some living things are alive that we cannot normally see with our eyes; that is, they have very small structures, but most of these living things have vital importance in our lives. This paper explores the complex and intimate relationships between certain microorganisms, such as plants, bacteria, and fungi, to include the relationship between mycorrhiza, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and host mortality. It also highlights the importance of these relationships in nutrient cycling, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. The effects of these relationships on plant fitness and community structure, as well as the complex signaling pathways that control them, are also being studied. However, it emphasizes the importance of understanding such interactions for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem conservation, as well as harnessing these associations to promote resilient and sustainable global ecologies. The microbial plant association is a huge and ever-changing field, ready for scientific exploration. Therefore, this abstract is a call for better understanding to discover hidden features of the life dance, which can help us make our plants healthier and our agriculture practices more sustainable.

https://doi.org/10.48081/GAUR5915

2024

Выпуск 2

Compost is a combination of substances that is used to nourish plants and enhance the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of soil. It is frequently made by composting manure, organic waste, and plant and food waste. The resultant combination is full of nutrients for plants as well as healthy bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and fungus. Compost increases soil fertility and decreases reliance on synthetic chemical fertilizers in organic farming, urban agriculture, horticulture, and gardening. Long-term overuse of chemical fertilizers has caused soil quality metrics such soil microbial biomass, communities, and nutrient content to deteriorate, which in turn impacts crop health, productivity, and soil sustainability. The purpose of this study was to accurately measure soil quality parameters through the application of manure compost and bacteria fertilizers or their combination during maize development in order to establish a quick and effective method for repairing deteriorated farmland soils. We looked at the dynamic effects on the variety of community structure, basal respiration, and microbial count and biomass in soil. Composting types: vermi-composting, windrow composting, aerated static pile composting and in-vessel. Organic waste has been managed for generations through the self-heating biological process of composting. The composting byproduct can be utilized as an organic fertilizer and soil additive in addition to handling organic waste. Over the years, composting research has advanced significantly, particularly in regards to expediting and enhancing the quality of compost. Recalcitrant organic pollutants are biodegraded by the various microbial communities found in composting materials. These three types of breakdowns include catabolism, total metabolism, and general extracellular oxidation.

https://doi.org/10.48081/PELQ6897

2024

Выпуск 2